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Recombinant Human Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF)
(Cat. No.: C003)
Background:
GM-CSF was initially characterized as a growth factor that can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. It is produced by a number of different cell types (including activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts) in response to cytokine of immune and inflammatory stimuli. Besides granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, GM-CSF is also a growth factor for erythroid, megakaryocyte and eosinophil progenitors. On mature hematopoietic, monocytes/ macrophages and eosinophils. GM-CSF has a functional role on non-hematopoitic cells. It can induce human endothelial cells to migrate and proliferate. Additionally, GM-CSF can also stimulate the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines, including osteogenic sarcoma,
carcinoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines.
Description:
GM-CSF is a highly purified protein with a molecular weight of approximately 14kDa. It contains 123 amino acids residues. The protein is produced by recombinant DNA technology using a genetically engineered E. coli strain containing the human GM-CSF gene.
Quality Control:
Biological activity: The ED50 as determined by the dose-dependant stimulation of the proliferation of human TF-1 cells (human erythroleukemic indicator cell line) is less then 0.1 ng/ml, corresponding to a Specific Activity of 1.0 x 107 IU/ mg.
Purity: Greater than 95% as determined by
(a) Analysis by SEC-HPLC.
(b) Analysis by reducing and non-reducing SDS-PAGE Silver Stained gel.
Isoelectric Point: the main zone between 4.5~5.7 analysis by IEF.
Amino-Acid Sequence: The sequence of the first fifteen N-terminal amino acids was determined and was found to be (Met)-Ala-Pro-Ala-Arg-Ser-Pro-Ser-Pro-Ser-Thr-Gln-Pro-Trp-Glu-His.
Endotoxin: Less than 0.03ng/µg (0.03IEU/µg) determined by LAL test.
Formulation: The protein was lyophilized after extensive dialysis against 2mM sodium phosphate buffer pH=7.4+/-0.1.
Storage: Lyophilized rHuGM-CSF although stable at room temperature for 3 weeks, should be stored desiccated below -18oC. Upon reconstitution rHuGM-CSF should be stored at 4oC between 2-7 days and for future use below -18oC. For long-term storage it is recommended to add a carrier protein (0.1% HSA or BSA).
Please avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Reconstitution: It is recommended to reconstitute the lyophilized rHuGM-CSF in sterile 18MΩ-cm H2O not less than 100µg/ml, which can then be further diluted to other aqueous solutions.
Latest Publications:
1: Cancer 2009 Jan;
An assessment of erythroid response to epoetin alpha as a single agent versus in combination with granulocyte- or granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor in myelodysplastic syndromes using a meta-analysis approach.
[Abstract] BACKGROUND:: Epoetin alpha (EPO) continues to be the initial treatment of choice for most anemic patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Over the years, different therapeutic strategies have been adopted to optimize the clinical benefits of EPO in this setting. METHODS:: In the current meta-analysis of published literature, erythroid response (ER) rates with EPO as a single agent versus its combination with granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were compared. RESULTS:: The assessment indicated that the ER rates were comparable between the 2 EPO-based therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, EPO monotherapy at a higher dose of 60,000 to 80,000 U weekly produced significantly higher ER rates
(64.5%) compared with the standard oncology dose of 30,000 to 40,000 U weekly either as a single agent (49%; P < .001) or in combination with G-CSF/GM-CSF (50.6% P = .007). In addition, when transfusion-dependent patients were assessed separately, both EPO monotherapy and its combination with G-CSF/GM-CSF produced comparable and appreciable levels of transfusion independence (28.8% and 24.8%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS:: In the current meta-analysis, higher doses of EPO demonstrated better ER rates compared with EPO at standard doses alone or in combination with G-CSF/GM-CSF. Furthermore, the authors concluded that prospective clinical studies are warranted to evaluate the use of higher doses of EPO in anemic patients with MDS. Cancer 2009. (c) 2009 American Cancer Society.
2: Leukemia 2009
Jan;
Repression of Gadd45alpha by activated FLT3 and GM-CSF receptor mutants contributes to growth, survival and blocked differentiation.
[Abstract] The tumor suppressor Gadd45alpha was earlier shown to be a repressed target of sustained receptor-mediated ERK1/2 signaling. We have identified Gadd45alpha as a downregulated gene in response to constitutive signaling from two FLT3 mutants (FLT3-ITD and FLT3-TKD) commonly found in AML, and a leukemogenic GM-CSF receptor trans-membrane mutant (GMR-V449E). GADD45A mRNA downregulation is also associated with FLT3-ITD(+) AML. Sustained ERK1/2 signaling contributes significantly to receptor-mediated downregulation of Gadd45alpha mRNA in FDB1 cells expressing activated receptor mutants, and in the FLT3-ITD(+) cell line MV4;11. Knockdown of Gadd45alpha with shRNA led to increased growth and survival of FDB1 cells and enforced expression of Gadd45alpha in FDB1 cells
expressing FLT3-ITD or GMR-V449E resulted in reduced growth and viability. Gadd45alpha overexpression in FLT3-ITD(+) AML cell lines also resulted in reduced growth associated with increased apoptosis and G(1)/S cell cycle arrest. Overexpression of Gadd45alpha in FDB1 cells expressing GMR-V449E was sufficient to induce changes associated with myeloid differentiation suggesting Gadd45alpha downregulation contributes to the maintenance of receptor-induced myeloid differentiation block. Thus, we show that ERK1/2-mediated downregulation of Gadd45alpha by sustained receptor signaling contributes to growth, survival and arrested differentiation in AML.Leukemia advance online publication, 8 January 2009; doi:10.1038/leu.2008.349.
3: Lancet 2009
Jan;Vol 373(9659)
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor administered as prophylaxis for reduction of sepsis in extremely preterm, small for gestational age neonates (the PROGRAMS trial): a single-blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial.
[Abstract] BACKGROUND: Systemic sepsis is a major cause of death in preterm neonates. There are compelling theoretical reasons why treatment with haemopoietic colony-stimulating factors might reduce sepsis and improve outcomes, and as a consequence these agents have entered into use in neonatal medicine without adequate evidence. We assessed whether granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) administered as prophylaxis to preterm neonates at high risk of neutropenia would reduce sepsis, mortality, and morbidity. METHODS: We undertook a single-blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial in 26 centres between June, 2000, and June, 2006. 280 neonates of below or equal to 31 weeks' gestation and below the 10th centile for birthweight were randomised within
72 h of birth to receive GM-CSF 10 mug/kg per day subcutaneously for 5 days or standard management. From recruitment to day 28 a detailed daily clinical record form was completed by the treating clinicians. Primary outcome was sepsis-free survival to 14 days from trial entry. Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered as an International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN42553489. FINDINGS: Neutrophil counts after trial entry rose significantly more rapidly in infants treated with GM-CSF than in control infants during the first 11 days (difference between neutrophil count slopes 0.34x10(9)/L/day; 95% CI 0.12-0.56). There was no significant difference in sepsis-free survival for all infants (93 of 139 treated infants, 105 of 141 control infants; difference
-8%, 95% CI -18 to 3). A meta-analysis of this trial and previous published prophylactic trials showed no survival benefit. INTERPRETATION: Early postnatal prophylactic GM-CSF corrects neutropenia but does not reduce sepsis or improve survival and short-term outcomes in extremely preterm neonates. FUNDING: Action Medical Research.
4: Cancer Res 2009 Jan;Vol 69(2)
Potentiating endogenous antitumor immunity to prostate cancer through combination immunotherapy with CTLA4 blockade and GM-CSF.
[Abstract] CTL-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) is a costimulatory molecule expressed on activated T cells that delivers an inhibitory signal to these T cells. CTLA4 blockade with antibody treatment has been shown to augment antitumor immunity in animal models and is being developed as a treatment for cancer patients. As has been seen in preclinical models, combining CTLA4 blockade and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-based immunotherapies can enhance the antitumor efficacy of this approach. We therefore examined whether CTLA4 blockade could be combined with GM-CSF administration. We treated 24 patients with metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer in a phase I trial where sequential cohorts were treated with increasing doses of ipilimumab, a
fully human anti-CTLA4 antibody. Study subjects also received s.c. injections of GM-CSF at a fixed dose. Of the six patients treated at the highest dose level, three had confirmed PSA declines of >50%, including one patient that had a partial response in visceral metastases. Expansion of activated, circulating CD25(+) CD69(+) CD8(+) T cells occurred more frequently at higher doses of treatment and was greater in magnitude than was seen in patients who received the same doses of either ipilimumab or GM-CSF alone. By screening sera with protein arrays, we showed that our treatment can induce antibody responses to NY-ESO-1. These results show that this combination immunotherapy can induce the expansion not only of activated effector CD8 T cells in vivo but also of T cells that are specific for
known tumor-associated antigens from the endogenous immune repertoire.
Domain Info
GeneBank Entry:
NM_000758
Protein Accession No.:
NP_000749
Protein Sequence:
MAPAR SPSPS TQPWE HVNAI QEARR LLNLS RDTAA EMNET VEVIS EMFDL QEPTC LQTRL ELYKQ GLRGS LTKLK GPLTM MASHY KQHCP PTPET SCATQ IITFE SFKEN LKDFL LVIPF DCWEP VQE
Transcript Info
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*NOTE: ALL PRODUCTS ARE FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY |
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